Despite the ongoing financial reforms undertaken in many developing countries, the majority of smallholder farmers still report limited access to formal credit. It is often argued that women are particularly more credit constrained than men. Various studies conducted in many developing countries suggest that access to credit is influenced by both institutional factors as well as by household socio-economic characteristics. However, most of these studies have generalized the effect without the concern of gender. This study was therefore conducted in order to determine the gender characteristics of the determinants of rural households’ access to credit in the formal credit markets. The specific research question addressed is whether factors that influence rural household access to credit differ by gender or not. In conducting this study, both primary and secondary data were collected. The data collection took place between May and June, 2006, covering the five districts of Unguja and Pemba islands. In total, 750 households were surveyed. The analysis of the data collected was done using SPSS 17.0 computer software. Both descriptive and econometric statistics were analyzed and discussed. The econometric analysis was meant to determine the gender characteristics of the determinants of credit-constrained households, focusing on the formal credit market by using a Probit model with Heckman procedures. The results of the Probit model show that male and female heads being credit constrained are influenced by different set of factors. For male heads, the degree of market integration as well as the wealth and risk-bearing indicators (value of productive assets owned and household income level) are significant indicators in determining whether a household is credit constrained. For female heads, only the household income level was found to be a significant factor for a household being credit constrained.The results from the second equation (Heckman Procedure) further suggest that human capital (education) and wealth and risk-bearing factors (keeping financial records, value of productive assets owned, household income level) are significant factors in determining the intensity of use of formal credit among male heads. On the other hand, the value of productive assets owned and the leadership status are factors that significantly influence the intensity of using formal credit among female heads. Generally, these findings suggest the need to develop gender-specific interventions to enhance access to credit in the formal credit markets.

(2009). Gender characteristics of the determinants of access to formal credit in rural Zanzibar [journal article - articolo]. In SAVINGS AND DEVELOPMENT. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10446/27434

Gender characteristics of the determinants of access to formal credit in rural Zanzibar

2009-01-01

Abstract

Despite the ongoing financial reforms undertaken in many developing countries, the majority of smallholder farmers still report limited access to formal credit. It is often argued that women are particularly more credit constrained than men. Various studies conducted in many developing countries suggest that access to credit is influenced by both institutional factors as well as by household socio-economic characteristics. However, most of these studies have generalized the effect without the concern of gender. This study was therefore conducted in order to determine the gender characteristics of the determinants of rural households’ access to credit in the formal credit markets. The specific research question addressed is whether factors that influence rural household access to credit differ by gender or not. In conducting this study, both primary and secondary data were collected. The data collection took place between May and June, 2006, covering the five districts of Unguja and Pemba islands. In total, 750 households were surveyed. The analysis of the data collected was done using SPSS 17.0 computer software. Both descriptive and econometric statistics were analyzed and discussed. The econometric analysis was meant to determine the gender characteristics of the determinants of credit-constrained households, focusing on the formal credit market by using a Probit model with Heckman procedures. The results of the Probit model show that male and female heads being credit constrained are influenced by different set of factors. For male heads, the degree of market integration as well as the wealth and risk-bearing indicators (value of productive assets owned and household income level) are significant indicators in determining whether a household is credit constrained. For female heads, only the household income level was found to be a significant factor for a household being credit constrained.The results from the second equation (Heckman Procedure) further suggest that human capital (education) and wealth and risk-bearing factors (keeping financial records, value of productive assets owned, household income level) are significant factors in determining the intensity of use of formal credit among male heads. On the other hand, the value of productive assets owned and the leadership status are factors that significantly influence the intensity of using formal credit among female heads. Generally, these findings suggest the need to develop gender-specific interventions to enhance access to credit in the formal credit markets.
articolo
2009
Malgré les réformes financières en cours dans les pays en voie de développement, la plupart des petits exploitants agricoles continuent à enregistrer un accès limité au crédit formel. On argument souvent que les femmes sont plus limitées dans leur accès au crédit que les hommes. Nombreuses études menées dans plusieurs pays en voie de développement montrent que l’accès au crédit est influencé par les facteurs institutionnels ainsi que par les caractéristiques socio-économiques de l’économie domestique. Pourtant, beaucoup de ces études ont généralisé l’effet sans analyser l’aspect du genre. Cette étude vise à déterminer les caractéristiques de genre des déterminants de l’accès au crédit des ménages ruraux dans le marché du crédit formel. La question spécifique de la recherche est si les facteurs qui influencent l’accès au crédit des ménages ruraux changent par rapport au genre. Pour mener cette étude, les données primaires ainsi que celles secondaires ont été collectées. La collecte des données a eu lieu entre Mai et Juin 2006, en couvrant les cinq districts des îles de Unguja et Pemba. Au total, 750 ménages ont été interviewés. L’analyse des données collectées a été effectuée par le logiciel SPSS 17.0. Les statistiques descriptives et économétriques ont été analysées et discutées. L’analyse économétrique avait pour but l’identification des caractéristiques de genre des déterminants des ménages ruraux qui ont un accès limité au crédit, l’attention était focalisée sur le marché du crédit formel en employant le modèle Probit avec les procédures d’Heckman. Les résultats du modèle Probit montrent que les hommes et les femmes chefs qui ont un accès limité au crédit sont influencés par de différentes typologies de facteurs. Pour les hommes chefs; le niveau d’intégration des marchés ainsi que les indicateurs de la richesse et du risque (la valeur des biens de production possédés et le niveau du revenu ménager) sont des indicateurs importants pour déterminer si un ménage a un accès limité au crédit. Pour les femmes chefs, seulement le niveau du revenu ménager est considéré comme facteur important. Les résultats de la deuxième équation (procédure d’Heckman) suggèrent que le capital humain (éducation) et les indicateurs de la richesse et du risque (la tenue de la comptabilité, la valeur des biens de production possédés, le niveau de revenu ménager) sont des facteurs importants pour déterminer l’intensité d’utilisation du crédit formel parmi les hommes chefs. De l’autre côté, la valeur des biens de production possédés et le statut de leadership sont les facteurs qui influencent remarquablement l’intensité d’utilisation du crédit formel parmi les femmes chefs. Généralement, ces résultats révèlent le besoin de développer des interventions spécifiques sur le genre afin de favoriser l’accès au crédit sur le marché du crédit formel.
Mohamed, KHALID S.; Temu, ANDREW E.
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