The increasing role that new technologies play in the intimate relationships of young adults has led to the emergence of a new form of violence, cyber dating abuse. To date little studied, above all in Italy, this phenomenon is of interest due to its significant pervasiveness and its negative effects highlighted by the individuals involved. There is still a lack of clarity regarding the factors of the construct, their relationship with intimate partner violence (IPV) and predictors. Moreover, the tools regarding CDA have limitations that are attributable both to differences in behaviors and scales chosen to detect it, and to poor validation. Finally, despite being a dyadic phenomenon, none of the studies conducted to date examines CDA, analyzed the responses of both partners, considering them as playing the dual role of possible perpetrators as well as victims. Therefore, the pretest had the goal of developing a new questionnaire about CDA, designed to complement that of Reed et al. (2017) and validated in the two following studies. The results of factorial validity revealed a two-factor structure: monitoring-aggression - which includes acts aimed at controlling and injuring, damaging and threatening the partner - and sexual cyber abuse - which includes violent sexual behavior. Convergent validity and discriminant validity confirmed the construct validity of the instrument. The first study, conducted on 263 subjects between 18 to 30 years of age and involved in a romantic relationship for at least three months, endeavored to compare CDA and IPV with respect to the role of mediation played by early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and victimization /perpetration of violence within the couple and to verify the moderating role played by alcohol consumption in the relationship between ACEs, early maladaptive schemas and perpetration of CDA. IPV and CDA were partially different because the patterns that mediate the relationship between ACEs and CDA are marginally similar to those that perform a similar function concerning offline violence. Alcohol increased the correlation only between some patterns: abandonment, emotional deprivation, approval-seeking, emotional inhibition and perpetration of CDA, when the ACEs considered were emotional abuse, emotional neglect, maternal assisted violence, depressed parent and parent who attempted suicide. The second study, carried out on 135 pairs of subjects with characteristics analogous to those of the participants in the first study, aimed to: 1) verify separately on males and females the role of mediation played by early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between ACEs and victimization / perpetration of CDA in order to identify any gender differences; 2) examine whether personal schemas mediate the relationship between ACEs and CDA while also controlling the influence of early maladaptive partner schemas; 3) check if, in addition to personal schemas, the partner's schemas influence CDA; 4) test if the most violent couples are those in which at least one or both partners have experienced many forms of ACEs. The way ACEs indirectly affect CDA through pattern mediation often differs between males and females. Most of the mediations remained significant even while keeping the partner's schemas under control and only in some conditions the partner's schemas were found to have an influence on the CDA perpetrated and suffered by a member of the couple. Finally, couples were found to be more violent when both partners have experienced more forms of ACEs.
Il crescente ruolo esercitato dalle nuove tecnologie nelle relazioni intime dei giovani adulti ha determinato la nascita di una nuova forma di violenza, il cyber dating abuse (CDA). Ancora poco studiato, soprattutto in Italia, tale fenomeno risulta degno di interesse per la significativa diffusione e per gli effetti negativi evidenziati da chi ne è coinvolto. Scarsa chiarezza emerge ancora in merito alle dimensioni del costrutto, alla relazione con la violenza tradizionale (IPV) e ai predittori. Inoltre, gli strumenti sul CDA presentano limiti riconducibili sia alla differenza di atti e scale scelti per rilevarlo sia alla scarsa validazione. Infine, pur essendo un fenomeno diadico, nessuno degli studi finora condotti lo esamina analizzando le risposte di entrambi partner, considerati nel duplice ruolo di possibili perpetratori e vittime. Pertanto, il pretest ha avuto l’obiettivo di elaborare un nuovo questionario sul CDA, costruito ad integrazione di quello di Reed et al. (2017) e validato nei due successivi studi. I risultati della validità fattoriale hanno rivelato una struttura a due fattori: monitoring-aggressione - che include atti volti a controllare e ferire, danneggiare e minacciare il partner – e sexual cyber abuse– che include comportamenti violenti a carattere sessuale. Validità convergente e discriminante hanno confermato la validità di costrutto dello strumento. Il primo studio, condotto su 263 soggetti di età compresa tra 18 e 30 anni e impegnati da almeno tre mesi in una relazione sentimentale, ha avuto lo scopo di confrontare CDA e IPV rispetto al ruolo di mediazione esercitato dagli schemi maladattivi precoci nella relazione tra Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) e vittimizzazione/perpetrazione di violenza all’interno della coppia e di verificare il ruolo di moderazione esercitato dall’ assunzione di alcol nella relazione tra ACEs, schemi maladattivi precoci e perpetrazione di CDA. IPV e CDA sono risultati parzialmente diversi perché gli schemi che mediano la relazione tra ACEs e CDA sono marginalmente assimilabili a quelli che svolgono analoga funzione nei confronti della violenza offline. L’alcol ha aumentato il nesso solo tra alcuni schemi (abbandono, deprivazione emotiva, ricerca di approvazione, inibizione emotiva) e perpetrazione di CDA, quando le ACEs considerate erano abuso emotivo, neglect emotivo, violenza assistita materna, genitore depresso e genitore che ha tentato il suicidio. Il secondo studio, realizzato su 135 coppie di soggetti con caratteristiche analoghe a quelle dei partecipanti al primo studio, ha avuto l’obiettivo di: 1) verificare separatamente su maschi e femmine il ruolo di mediazione esercitato dagli schemi maladattivi precoci nella relazione tra ACEs e vittimizzazione/perpetrazione di CDA al fine di individuare eventuali differenze di genere; 2) esaminare se gli schemi personali mediano la relazione tra ACEs e CDA anche tenendo sotto controllo l’influenza degli schemi maladattivi precoci del partner; 3) verificare se, oltre a quelli personali, anche gli schemi del partner influiscono sul CDA; 4) testare se le coppie più violente sono quelle in cui almeno uno o entrambi i partner hanno esperito più forme di ACEs. Il modo in cui le ACEs influiscono indirettamente sul CDA attraverso la mediazione degli schemi differisce spesso tra maschi e femmine. La maggior parte delle mediazioni sono rimaste significative anche tenendo sotto controllo gli schemi del partner e solo in alcune condizioni gli schemi del partner sono risultati avere un’influenza sul CDA agito e subito da un membro della coppia. Sono infine risultate più violente le coppie in cui entrambi i partner hanno vissuto più forme di ACEs.
(2019). Cyber dating abuse: nuova espressione di IPV o nuova forma di violenza? [doctoral thesis - tesi di dottorato]. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10446/128675
Cyber dating abuse: nuova espressione di IPV o nuova forma di violenza?
Celsi, Laura
2019-04-11
Abstract
The increasing role that new technologies play in the intimate relationships of young adults has led to the emergence of a new form of violence, cyber dating abuse. To date little studied, above all in Italy, this phenomenon is of interest due to its significant pervasiveness and its negative effects highlighted by the individuals involved. There is still a lack of clarity regarding the factors of the construct, their relationship with intimate partner violence (IPV) and predictors. Moreover, the tools regarding CDA have limitations that are attributable both to differences in behaviors and scales chosen to detect it, and to poor validation. Finally, despite being a dyadic phenomenon, none of the studies conducted to date examines CDA, analyzed the responses of both partners, considering them as playing the dual role of possible perpetrators as well as victims. Therefore, the pretest had the goal of developing a new questionnaire about CDA, designed to complement that of Reed et al. (2017) and validated in the two following studies. The results of factorial validity revealed a two-factor structure: monitoring-aggression - which includes acts aimed at controlling and injuring, damaging and threatening the partner - and sexual cyber abuse - which includes violent sexual behavior. Convergent validity and discriminant validity confirmed the construct validity of the instrument. The first study, conducted on 263 subjects between 18 to 30 years of age and involved in a romantic relationship for at least three months, endeavored to compare CDA and IPV with respect to the role of mediation played by early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and victimization /perpetration of violence within the couple and to verify the moderating role played by alcohol consumption in the relationship between ACEs, early maladaptive schemas and perpetration of CDA. IPV and CDA were partially different because the patterns that mediate the relationship between ACEs and CDA are marginally similar to those that perform a similar function concerning offline violence. Alcohol increased the correlation only between some patterns: abandonment, emotional deprivation, approval-seeking, emotional inhibition and perpetration of CDA, when the ACEs considered were emotional abuse, emotional neglect, maternal assisted violence, depressed parent and parent who attempted suicide. The second study, carried out on 135 pairs of subjects with characteristics analogous to those of the participants in the first study, aimed to: 1) verify separately on males and females the role of mediation played by early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between ACEs and victimization / perpetration of CDA in order to identify any gender differences; 2) examine whether personal schemas mediate the relationship between ACEs and CDA while also controlling the influence of early maladaptive partner schemas; 3) check if, in addition to personal schemas, the partner's schemas influence CDA; 4) test if the most violent couples are those in which at least one or both partners have experienced many forms of ACEs. The way ACEs indirectly affect CDA through pattern mediation often differs between males and females. Most of the mediations remained significant even while keeping the partner's schemas under control and only in some conditions the partner's schemas were found to have an influence on the CDA perpetrated and suffered by a member of the couple. Finally, couples were found to be more violent when both partners have experienced more forms of ACEs.File | Dimensione del file | Formato | |
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