The accounting of Business Combinations (acquisitions, mergers, demergers, conferral of branch, etc.), ruled by the international accounting standards issued by the IASB and approved by the European Union (IAS 22, IFRS 3 and IFRS 3 Revised), has undergone a profound evolution over the years. After considering the reasons that in 2004 led to the implementation of the new international accounting standard IFRS 3 - Business Combinations, the work focuses on the "Purchase method", the new accounting method that marks the definitive overcoming of the "Pooling of interests " accounting method (Ias 22) which was oriented to the preservation of the historical values of the acquiree in the acquirer. The four phases that characterize the procedure in which the "Purchase method" is substantiated (identification of the acquirer, determination of the acquisition date, determination of purchase price of the aggregation, allocation of the purchase price) are analyzed as well the impacts related to its application to the consolidated financial statements of the parent company are explained. The new accounting method includes in the consolidated financial statements the entire amount of the assets and liabilities of the acquiree expressed at fair value as well as the goodwill, given by the difference between the purchase price and the fair value equity of the acquiree (goodwill if positive or badwill if negative), limited to the shareholding held in the acquiree by the parent company (partial goodwill approach) and this in line with the Parent Entity Theory on which the method is based. The joint commitment of IASB and FASB to achieve a progressive harmonization of accounting standards worldwide, has led IASB to approve a revision of IFRS 3 in 2008. IFRS 3 Revised better clarifies the scope of the application of the standard (limiting the application to business combinations in which there is an effective transfer of a business control from one entity to another), clarifies the concept of business activity , and introduces the "Acquisition method" for the accounting of business combinations. Consistent with the analysis carried out for the "Purchase method", the work examines the phases that characterize the application of the new accounting method (identification of the acquirer, determination of the acquisition date, identification and measurement of the acquired assets and liabilities as well as of the minority interests, recognition and assessment of goodwill) and the impacts related to its application to the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The "Acquisition method" provides for the recognition in the consolidated financial statements of the entire amount of the assets and liabilities of the acquirer valued at their fair value at the acquisition date. It also introduces the full goodwill approach which, in accordance with the Economic Entity Theory, considers the group as a unitary and autonomous subject without distinguishing between the interests of the parent company and minorities. The full goodwill approach implies the inclusion in the financial statements of the parent company of the entire amount of the goodwill paid for the aggregation. In the second part of the study, the three main business combinations (merger, spin-off and conferral) are then analyzed in order to understand in which situations the IFRS 3 Revised accounting standard applies and in which contexts it can not be applied in accordance with the principle of substance prevalence over form. Unlike the Italian accounting principles that consider the legal form chosen to give life to the business combination, international standards enhance the substance of the transaction and, therefore, extraordinary transactions find different accounting representation according to whether or not they realize the business combinations according to the meaning provided for by the international accounting standards. Reverse acquisition situations are also analyzed, among others, in which the substance of the operation diverges from the form and the situations of operations under common control, in which the operation takes the form of a mere reorganization within the group, not being configured no transfer of control to third parties. Each type of transaction is accompanied by a numerical exemplification, in order to facilitate the understanding of some steps provided by international accounting standards, sometimes difficult to interpret. The last aspect examines the tax rules applicable to the Ias adopter subjects in the context of extraordinary transactions. For subjects that apply international accounting standards, art. 4 of the Decree of April 1, 2009 n. 48 provided the necessary indications regarding the company's tax-neutral business combinations (mergers, demergers, business transfers) as per art. 172, 173 and 176 of the Tuir. It is possible to see how the Ias decree attempted to maintain the neutrality approach that characterizes the transactions recorded in accordance with national accounting standards; however, in confirming this tax rule, particular attention has to be paid to the rules established by the international accounting standards on the prevalence of substance over form. The neutrality rule for corporate reorganization operations (mergers, demergers, transfers) has been maintained both for transactions with third parties and for those within the group.

La metodologia di rilevazione e rappresentazione contabile delle Business Combinations (acquisizioni, fusioni, scissioni, conferimenti, ecc...), disciplinata dai principi contabili internazionali emanati dallo Iasb ed omologati dall’Unione Europea (Ias 22, Ifrs 3 e Ifrs 3 Revised), ha subito negli anni una profonda evoluzione. Dopo aver considerato le motivazioni che hanno portato al recepimento nel 2004 del nuovo principio contabile internazionale Ifrs 3 - Business Combinations, il capitolo si sofferma sul “Purchase method”, il metodo contabile compiutamente disciplinato dal nuovo principio che segna il definitivo superamento del “Pooling of interests” (Ias 22 ) che prevedeva il mantenimento nell’acquirente dei valori storici dell’acquisita. Vengono quindi analizzate le quattro fasi che caratterizzano la procedura nella quale si sostanzia il “Purchase method”(identificazione dell’acquirente, determinazione della data di acquisizione del controllo, determinazione del costo dell’aggregazione e allocazione del costo dell’aggregazione) e gli impatti derivanti dalla sua applicazione al bilancio consolidato della capogruppo. Il nuovo metodo contabile accoglie nel bilancio consolidato la totalità delle attività e delle passività dell’acquisita espresse al fair value e l’avviamento, dato dalla differenza tra il prezzo dell’acquisizione (denaro corrisposto, o fair value delle azioni emesse, ecc...) e il patrimonio netto valutato al fair value dell’acquisita (goodwill se differenza positiva o badwill se negativa), limitatamente alla quota di partecipazione detenuta nell’acquisita dalla capogruppo e ciò coerentemente alla Teoria della Capogruppo sulla quale il metodo si basa. L’impegno congiuntamente assunto dallo Iasb e dal Fasb di pervenire ad una progressiva armonizzazione degli standards contabili a livello mondiale, ha indotto lo Iasb ad approvare una revisione dell’Ifrs 3 che ha trovato applicazione nell’Unione Europea a partire dagli esercizi sociali che hanno avuto inizio dopo il 30 giugno 2009. L’Ifrs 3 Revised meglio precisa l’ambito di applicazione del principio, limitandone il perimetro alle sole operazioni straordinarie nelle quali si riscontra l’effettivo trasferimento del controllo di un business da un soggetto all’altro, chiarisce il concetto di attività aziendale o business, e introduce quale metodo di contabilizzazione delle operazioni di aggregazione aziendale l’”Acquisition method”. Coerentemente all’analisi svolta per il “Purchase method”, il capitolo esamina le fasi che caratterizzano l’applicazione del nuovo metodo contabile (identificazione dell’acquirente, determinazione della data di acquisizione, identificazione e misurazione delle attività e delle passività acquisite nonché delle interessenze di minoranza, rilevazione e valutazione dell’avviamento) e gli impatti connessi alla sua applicazione al bilancio consolidato della capogruppo. L’”Acquisition method” prevede l’iscrizione nel bilancio consolidato dell’intero ammontare delle attività e delle passività dell’acquirente valutate al loro fair value alla data di acquisizione. Introduce inoltre il criterio del full goodwill che, in conformità alla Teoria dell’Entita’ che considera il gruppo come un soggetto unitario ed autonomo senza distinzione tra interessi della capogruppo e delle minoranze, implica l’iscrizione nel bilancio della capogruppo tanto del goodwill di pertinenza del gruppo quanto di quello di pertinenza di terzi. Nella seconda parte del lavoro vengono quindi analizzate le tre principali operazioni straordinarie, fusione, scissione e conferimento, per comprendere in quali situazioni trova applicazione il principio contabile internazionale Ifrs 3 Revised e in quali contesti non può essere applicato in ossequio al principio di prevalenza della sostanza sulla forma. A differenza dei principi contabili italiani che considerano la forma giuridica prescelta per dar vita all’aggregazione aziendale, gli standard internazionali valorizzano la sostanza dell’operazione e, pertanto, le operazioni straordinarie trovano differente rappresentazione contabile a seconda che realizzino o meno delle business combinations secondo l’accezione prevista dai principi contabili internazionali. Vengono anche analizzate, tra le altre, le situazioni di reverse acquisition, in cui la sostanza dell’operazione diverge dalla forma e le situazioni di operazioni under common control, in cui l’operazione si concretizza in una mera riorganizzazione interna al gruppo, non configurandosi alcun passaggio del controllo nei confronti di soggetti terzi. Ogni tipologia di operazione viene accompagnata da un’esemplificazione numerica, al fine di agevolare la comprensione di alcuni passaggi previsti dai principi contabili internazionali, talvolta di difficile interpretazione. Quale ultimo aspetto vengono esaminate le regole fiscali applicabili ai soggetti Ias adopter nell’ambito delle operazioni straordinarie. Per i soggetti che applicano i principi contabili internazionali, l’art. 4 del decreto del 1° aprile 2009 n. 48 ha fornito le indicazioni necessarie riguardanti le operazioni di aggregazione aziendale fiscalmente neutrali (fusioni, scissioni, conferimenti d’azienda) di cui rispettivamente agli artt. 172, 173 e 176 del Tuir. E’ possibile constatare come il decreto Ias abbia tentato di mantenere l’impostazione di neutralità che caratterizza le operazioni contabilizzate secondo i principi contabili nazionali; tuttavia, nel confermare tale regola fiscale, si è dovuta porre particolare attenzione alle norme stabilite dai principi contabili internazionali in tema di prevalenza della sostanza sulla forma. La regola della neutralità per le operazioni di riorganizzazione aziendale (fusioni, scissioni, conferimenti) è stata mantenuta sia per le operazioni con soggetti terzi, sia per quelle all’interno del gruppo.

(2018). Business Combinations nei principi contabili internazionali . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10446/135173

Business Combinations nei principi contabili internazionali

Rossi, Claudia;
2018-01-01

Abstract

The accounting of Business Combinations (acquisitions, mergers, demergers, conferral of branch, etc.), ruled by the international accounting standards issued by the IASB and approved by the European Union (IAS 22, IFRS 3 and IFRS 3 Revised), has undergone a profound evolution over the years. After considering the reasons that in 2004 led to the implementation of the new international accounting standard IFRS 3 - Business Combinations, the work focuses on the "Purchase method", the new accounting method that marks the definitive overcoming of the "Pooling of interests " accounting method (Ias 22) which was oriented to the preservation of the historical values of the acquiree in the acquirer. The four phases that characterize the procedure in which the "Purchase method" is substantiated (identification of the acquirer, determination of the acquisition date, determination of purchase price of the aggregation, allocation of the purchase price) are analyzed as well the impacts related to its application to the consolidated financial statements of the parent company are explained. The new accounting method includes in the consolidated financial statements the entire amount of the assets and liabilities of the acquiree expressed at fair value as well as the goodwill, given by the difference between the purchase price and the fair value equity of the acquiree (goodwill if positive or badwill if negative), limited to the shareholding held in the acquiree by the parent company (partial goodwill approach) and this in line with the Parent Entity Theory on which the method is based. The joint commitment of IASB and FASB to achieve a progressive harmonization of accounting standards worldwide, has led IASB to approve a revision of IFRS 3 in 2008. IFRS 3 Revised better clarifies the scope of the application of the standard (limiting the application to business combinations in which there is an effective transfer of a business control from one entity to another), clarifies the concept of business activity , and introduces the "Acquisition method" for the accounting of business combinations. Consistent with the analysis carried out for the "Purchase method", the work examines the phases that characterize the application of the new accounting method (identification of the acquirer, determination of the acquisition date, identification and measurement of the acquired assets and liabilities as well as of the minority interests, recognition and assessment of goodwill) and the impacts related to its application to the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The "Acquisition method" provides for the recognition in the consolidated financial statements of the entire amount of the assets and liabilities of the acquirer valued at their fair value at the acquisition date. It also introduces the full goodwill approach which, in accordance with the Economic Entity Theory, considers the group as a unitary and autonomous subject without distinguishing between the interests of the parent company and minorities. The full goodwill approach implies the inclusion in the financial statements of the parent company of the entire amount of the goodwill paid for the aggregation. In the second part of the study, the three main business combinations (merger, spin-off and conferral) are then analyzed in order to understand in which situations the IFRS 3 Revised accounting standard applies and in which contexts it can not be applied in accordance with the principle of substance prevalence over form. Unlike the Italian accounting principles that consider the legal form chosen to give life to the business combination, international standards enhance the substance of the transaction and, therefore, extraordinary transactions find different accounting representation according to whether or not they realize the business combinations according to the meaning provided for by the international accounting standards. Reverse acquisition situations are also analyzed, among others, in which the substance of the operation diverges from the form and the situations of operations under common control, in which the operation takes the form of a mere reorganization within the group, not being configured no transfer of control to third parties. Each type of transaction is accompanied by a numerical exemplification, in order to facilitate the understanding of some steps provided by international accounting standards, sometimes difficult to interpret. The last aspect examines the tax rules applicable to the Ias adopter subjects in the context of extraordinary transactions. For subjects that apply international accounting standards, art. 4 of the Decree of April 1, 2009 n. 48 provided the necessary indications regarding the company's tax-neutral business combinations (mergers, demergers, business transfers) as per art. 172, 173 and 176 of the Tuir. It is possible to see how the Ias decree attempted to maintain the neutrality approach that characterizes the transactions recorded in accordance with national accounting standards; however, in confirming this tax rule, particular attention has to be paid to the rules established by the international accounting standards on the prevalence of substance over form. The neutrality rule for corporate reorganization operations (mergers, demergers, transfers) has been maintained both for transactions with third parties and for those within the group.
2018
Rossi, Claudia; Nicastro, Francesco
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