The work intends to analyze the different accounting methods of business combinations applied from time to time by the international accounting standards. The international accounting standards that have governed business combinations over time have been the following: - IAS 22 “Business Combinations”, issued by the Iasc in November 1983, revised and modified several times; - IFRS 3 “Business Combinations”, issued by IASB, replacing the previous IAS 22, on March 31, 2004 and implemented by the European Commission with Regulation no. 2236 of December 29, 2004; - IFRS 3 Revised “Business Combinations”, issued by the IASB on 10 January 2008 and implemented by the European Commission with Regulation no. 495 of June 3, 2009. Even this latest version has undergone some changes, the most recent following the post-implementation review process (PIR) which ended with the approval of the IASB on 22 October 2018 and implemented by the European Union with Regulation no. 551 of 21 April 2020. The amendments introduced a more restrictive definition of business activity and an (optional) concentration test to assess whether the transaction relates to a simple asset or a group of assets or, alternatively , a business activity. In 2020, the IASB updated the standard to the new version of the "Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting" approved in March 2018. As for the influences of the various consolidation theories on the accounting methods of business combinations, IAS 22, providing for two different methods of recognition, the pooling of interests and the purchase method, referred to the Theory of Ownership and the Theory of the Parent Company. IFRS 3, having excluded the option for the accounting method represented by the pooling of interests and having identified the only applicable method in the purchase method, adopted the Parent Company's Theory in the Modified version. The IFRS 3 Revised, introducing, albeit as an optional choice, the new detection method constituted by the acquisition method marks the decline of the Theory of the Parent Company in favor of the Theory of Entity. The new method, in fact, providing for the recognition of goodwill for its entire amount (full goodwill approach), considers the group as a single entity of which the consolidated financial statements must express the entirety of the assets owned, without distinction between the interests of the parent company and minorities. In the first part of the study, after an introductory chapter that traces the choices made by the European Union to favor the process of accounting convergence and describes the role played by the various actors (IASB, European Union, Member Countries, National Standard Setters) in the issue , approval, interpretation and application of international accounting standards, the changes that have occurred in the accounting discipline of business combinations are examined, from the introduction of IAS 22, to IFRS 3, and IFRS 3 Revised, paying particular attention the contents of the purchase method and the acquisition method. Subsequently, the three main extraordinary transactions are analyzed, mergers, demergers and contributions, to understand in which situations the international accounting standard IFRS 3 Revised is applied and in which contexts it cannot be applied in compliance with the principle of prevalence of substance over form. Unlike the Italian accounting principles which consider the legal form chosen to give life to the business combination, the international standards value the substance of the transaction and, therefore, extraordinary transactions find different accounting representation depending on whether or not they carry out business combinations according to the meaning envisaged by the international accounting standards. Among other things, the reverse acquisition situations are also examined, in which the substance of the transaction differs from the form and the situations of transactions under common control, in which the transaction takes the form of a mere reorganization within the group, not being configured no transfer of control to third parties. Each type of transaction is accompanied by a numerical exemplification, in order to facilitate the understanding of some steps required by international accounting standards, which are sometimes difficult to interpret. As a last aspect, the tax rules applicable to IAS adopters in the context of extraordinary transactions are analyzed. For subjects who apply international accounting standards, art. 4 of the decree of 1 April 2009 n. 48 provided the necessary information regarding fiscally neutral business combination transactions (mergers, demergers, company contributions) referred to respectively in Articles 172, 173 and 176 of the Tuir. It is possible to see how the Ias decree attempted to maintain the neutrality approach that characterizes the transactions accounted for according to national accounting standards; however, in confirming this fiscal rule, particular attention had to be paid to the rules established by the international accounting standards on the subject of the prevalence of substance over form. The rule of neutrality for corporate reorganization operations (mergers, demergers, contributions) has been maintained both for transactions with third parties and for those within the group.

Il lavoro intende analizzare le diverse metodologie di contabilizzazione delle aggregazioni aziendali applicate tempo per tempo dai principi contabili internazionali. I principi contabili internazionali che nel tempo hanno disciplinato le aggregazioni aziendali sono stati i seguenti: – Ias 22 “Business Combinations”, emanato dallo Iasc nel novembre del 1983, più volte rivisto e modificato; – Ifrs 3 “Business Combinations”, emanato dallo Iasb, in sostituzione del precedente Ias 22, il 31 marzo 2004 e recepito dalla Commissione Europea con il Regolamento n. 2236 del 29 dicembre 2004; – Ifrs 3 Revised “Business Combinations”, emanato dallo Iasb il 10 gennaio 2008 e recepito dalla Commissione Europea con il Regolamento n. 495 del 3 giugno 2009. Anche quest’ultima versione ha subito alcune modifiche, le più recenti fanno seguito al processo di riesame di post-implementazione (PIR) conclusosi con l’approvazione dello Iasb il 22 ottobre 2018 e recepito dall’Unione Europea con il Regolamento n. 551 del 21 aprile 2020. Le modifiche hanno introdotto una più restrittiva definizione di attività d’impresa e un (facoltativo) concentration test per valutare se l’operazione ha per oggetto un semplice bene o un gruppo di beni (asset) o, in alternativa, un’attività d’impresa (business). Nel 2020, lo Iasb ha aggiornato il principio alla nuova versione del “Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting” approvato nel marzo 2018 . Quanto agli influssi delle diverse teorie di consolidamento sulle metodologie di contabilizzazione delle aggregazioni aziendali, lo Ias 22, prevedendo due diversi metodi di rilevazione, il pooling of interests e il purchase method, ha fatto riferimento alla Teoria della Proprietà e alla Teoria della Capogruppo. L’Ifrs 3, avendo escluso l’opzione per il metodo di contabilizzazione rappresentato dal pooling of interests e avendo individuato nel purchase method l’uni¬co metodo applicabile, ha adottato la Teoria della Capogruppo nella versione Modificata. L’Ifrs 3 Revised, introducendo, seppure quale scelta facoltativa, il nuovo metodo di rilevazione costituito dall’acquisition method segna il declino della Teoria della Capogruppo a favore della Teoria dell’Entità. Il nuovo metodo, infatti, prevedendo la rilevazione dell’avviamento per il suo intero ammontare (full goodwill approach), considera il gruppo come un’unica entità di cui il bilancio consolidato deve esprimere l’interezza degli assets posseduti, senza distinzione tra interessi della capogruppo e delle minoranze. Nella prima parte dello studio, dopo un capitolo introduttivo che ripercorre le scelte compiute dall’Unione Europea per favorire il processo di convergenza contabile e descrive il ruolo rivestito dai diversi attori (Iasb, Unione Europea, Paesi Membri, Standard setter nazionali) nell’emanazione, omologazione, inter-pretazione e applicazione dei principi contabili internazionali, si esaminano i cambiamenti intervenuti nella disciplina di contabilizzazione delle operazioni di aggregazione aziendale, dall’introduzione dello Ias 22, all’Ifrs 3, e all’Ifrs 3 Revised, prestando particolare attenzione ai contenuti del purchase method e dell’acquisi¬tion method. Successivamente vengono analizzate le tre principali operazioni straordinarie, fusione, scissione e conferimento, per comprendere in quali situazioni trova applicazione il principio contabile internazionale Ifrs 3 Revised e in quali contesti non può essere applicato in ossequio al principio di prevalenza della sostanza sulla forma. A differenza dei principi contabili italiani che considerano la forma giuridica prescelta per dar vita all’aggregazione aziendale, gli standard internazionali valorizzano la sostanza dell’operazione e, pertanto, le operazioni straordinarie trovano differente rappresentazione contabile a seconda che realizzino o meno delle business combinations secondo l’accezione prevista dai principi contabili internazionali. Vengono anche esaminate, tra le altre, le situazioni di reverse acquisition, in cui la sostanza dell’operazione diverge dalla forma e le situazioni di operazioni under common control, in cui l’operazione si concretizza in una mera riorganizzazione interna al gruppo, non configurandosi alcun passaggio del controllo nei confronti di soggetti terzi. Ogni tipologia di operazione viene accompagnata da un’esemplificazione numerica, al fine di agevolare la comprensione di alcuni passaggi previsti dai principi contabili internazionali, talvolta di difficile interpretazione. Quale ultimo aspetto vengono analizzate le regole fiscali applicabili ai soggetti Ias adopter nell’ambito delle operazioni straordinarie. Per i soggetti che applicano i principi contabili internazionali, l’art. 4 del decreto del 1° aprile 2009 n. 48 ha fornito le indicazioni necessarie riguardanti le operazioni di aggregazione aziendale fiscalmente neutrali (fusioni, scissioni, conferimenti d’azienda) di cui rispettivamente agli artt. 172, 173 e 176 del Tuir. E’ possibile constatare come il decreto Ias abbia tentato di mantenere l’impostazione di neutralità che caratterizza le operazioni contabilizzate secondo i principi contabili nazionali; tuttavia, nel confermare tale regola fiscale, si è dovuta porre particolare attenzione alle norme stabilite dai principi contabili internazionali in tema di prevalenza della sostanza sulla forma. La regola della neutralità per le operazioni di riorganizzazione aziendale (fusioni, scissioni, conferimenti) è stata mantenuta sia per le operazioni con soggetti terzi, sia per quelle all’interno del gruppo.

(2022). Principi contabili internazionali per le aggregazioni aziendali . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10446/229330

Principi contabili internazionali per le aggregazioni aziendali

Rossi, Claudia;Nicastro, Francesco
2022-09-23

Abstract

The work intends to analyze the different accounting methods of business combinations applied from time to time by the international accounting standards. The international accounting standards that have governed business combinations over time have been the following: - IAS 22 “Business Combinations”, issued by the Iasc in November 1983, revised and modified several times; - IFRS 3 “Business Combinations”, issued by IASB, replacing the previous IAS 22, on March 31, 2004 and implemented by the European Commission with Regulation no. 2236 of December 29, 2004; - IFRS 3 Revised “Business Combinations”, issued by the IASB on 10 January 2008 and implemented by the European Commission with Regulation no. 495 of June 3, 2009. Even this latest version has undergone some changes, the most recent following the post-implementation review process (PIR) which ended with the approval of the IASB on 22 October 2018 and implemented by the European Union with Regulation no. 551 of 21 April 2020. The amendments introduced a more restrictive definition of business activity and an (optional) concentration test to assess whether the transaction relates to a simple asset or a group of assets or, alternatively , a business activity. In 2020, the IASB updated the standard to the new version of the "Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting" approved in March 2018. As for the influences of the various consolidation theories on the accounting methods of business combinations, IAS 22, providing for two different methods of recognition, the pooling of interests and the purchase method, referred to the Theory of Ownership and the Theory of the Parent Company. IFRS 3, having excluded the option for the accounting method represented by the pooling of interests and having identified the only applicable method in the purchase method, adopted the Parent Company's Theory in the Modified version. The IFRS 3 Revised, introducing, albeit as an optional choice, the new detection method constituted by the acquisition method marks the decline of the Theory of the Parent Company in favor of the Theory of Entity. The new method, in fact, providing for the recognition of goodwill for its entire amount (full goodwill approach), considers the group as a single entity of which the consolidated financial statements must express the entirety of the assets owned, without distinction between the interests of the parent company and minorities. In the first part of the study, after an introductory chapter that traces the choices made by the European Union to favor the process of accounting convergence and describes the role played by the various actors (IASB, European Union, Member Countries, National Standard Setters) in the issue , approval, interpretation and application of international accounting standards, the changes that have occurred in the accounting discipline of business combinations are examined, from the introduction of IAS 22, to IFRS 3, and IFRS 3 Revised, paying particular attention the contents of the purchase method and the acquisition method. Subsequently, the three main extraordinary transactions are analyzed, mergers, demergers and contributions, to understand in which situations the international accounting standard IFRS 3 Revised is applied and in which contexts it cannot be applied in compliance with the principle of prevalence of substance over form. Unlike the Italian accounting principles which consider the legal form chosen to give life to the business combination, the international standards value the substance of the transaction and, therefore, extraordinary transactions find different accounting representation depending on whether or not they carry out business combinations according to the meaning envisaged by the international accounting standards. Among other things, the reverse acquisition situations are also examined, in which the substance of the transaction differs from the form and the situations of transactions under common control, in which the transaction takes the form of a mere reorganization within the group, not being configured no transfer of control to third parties. Each type of transaction is accompanied by a numerical exemplification, in order to facilitate the understanding of some steps required by international accounting standards, which are sometimes difficult to interpret. As a last aspect, the tax rules applicable to IAS adopters in the context of extraordinary transactions are analyzed. For subjects who apply international accounting standards, art. 4 of the decree of 1 April 2009 n. 48 provided the necessary information regarding fiscally neutral business combination transactions (mergers, demergers, company contributions) referred to respectively in Articles 172, 173 and 176 of the Tuir. It is possible to see how the Ias decree attempted to maintain the neutrality approach that characterizes the transactions accounted for according to national accounting standards; however, in confirming this fiscal rule, particular attention had to be paid to the rules established by the international accounting standards on the subject of the prevalence of substance over form. The rule of neutrality for corporate reorganization operations (mergers, demergers, contributions) has been maintained both for transactions with third parties and for those within the group.
23-set-2022
Rossi, Claudia; Nicastro, Francesco
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