This research examines the limits of statutory autonomy in the appointment of directors in the presence of special classes of shares. The analysis begins with the traditional framework opposing shareholders and creditors: while both contributed financial resources, only the former—by providing risk capital—were entitled, in proportion to their economic contribution, to influence corporate management through the appointment of governing bodies; creditors, by contrast, remained outside the governance sphere. From this structure derived two cornerstone principles of the classical corporate model: the exclusive competence of the shareholders’ meeting in appointing directors and the proportionality between voting rights and capital contribution. On this basis, case law long denied the legitimacy of statutory provisions conferring special prerogatives on certain classes of shares in the designation of directors. This restrictive orientation was progressively overcome following legislative reforms, which expanded the scope for modulating voting rights and confirmed the atypical nature of share classes, eventually legitimizing mechanisms that allow specific categories of shareholders—or holders of equity-like financial instruments—to directly appoint members of the corporate bodies. The study highlights how these innovations, motivated by the objective of strengthening the financial structure of companies and promoting representational mechanisms within the shareholder base, have led to a rethinking of traditional principles, while leaving unresolved the issue of the substantive limits within which such provisions may be deemed admissible. In the absence of an express statutory framework, it is left to legal interpretation to identify the criteria and boundaries of legitimacy, in order to balance economic freedom with regulatory oversight. The inquiry focuses in particular on closely held joint-stock companies, showing how the question of the limits of statutory autonomy in the appointment of directors raises a fundamental issue concerning the permissible degree of contractualization in corporate organization and, more generally, the relationship between private autonomy and mandatory rules in contemporary company law.
La presente ricerca analizza i limiti all’autonomia statutaria nella nomina degli amministratori in presenza di categorie speciali di azioni. L’indagine prende le mosse dall’assetto tradizionale che contrapponeva soci e creditori: entrambi apportavano risorse finanziarie, ma ai primi – in quanto titolari di capitale di rischio – spettava, in misura proporzionata al contributo economico, il diritto di incidere sulla gestione attraverso la nomina degli organi sociali; i secondi, al contrario, restavano estranei alla sfera gestionale. Da tale impostazione discendevano due principi cardine del modello societario classico: la competenza esclusiva dell’assemblea dei soci nella nomina degli amministratori e la proporzionalità tra peso del voto e apporto al capitale. Su queste basi, la giurisprudenza ha a lungo negato la legittimità di clausole statutarie volte a riconoscere a categorie di azioni prerogative speciali nella designazione degli amministratori. Tale orientamento restrittivo è stato progressivamente superato a seguito degli interventi legislativi che hanno ampliato le possibilità di modulazione dei diritti di voto e confermato l’atipicità delle categorie azionarie, fino a legittimare strumenti che consentono a specifiche categorie di soci – o a titolari di strumenti finanziari partecipativi – di nominare direttamente componenti degli organi sociali. La ricerca evidenzia come tali innovazioni, motivate dall’obiettivo di rafforzare la struttura finanziaria delle società e di favorire meccanismi di rappresentanza della compagine sociale, abbiano comportato un ripensamento dei principi tradizionali, pur lasciando irrisolto il problema dei limiti sostanziali entro cui tali clausole possano essere ritenute ammissibili. In assenza di una disciplina espressa, spetta infatti all’interprete individuare criteri e confini di legittimità, al fine di bilanciare libertà economica e controllo normativo. L’indagine si concentra in particolare sulle società per azioni “chiuse”, mettendo in luce come la questione dei limiti all’autonomia statutaria nella nomina degli amministratori sollevi un interrogativo di fondo sul grado di contrattualizzazione ammissibile nell’organizzazione societaria e, più in generale, sul rapporto tra autonomia privata e norme imperative nell’attuale diritto societario.
(2026). Limiti all’autonomia statutaria nella nomina degli amministratori in presenza di categorie azionarie . Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10446/329585 Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.13122/berruti-francesca-maria_phd2026-06-16
Limiti all’autonomia statutaria nella nomina degli amministratori in presenza di categorie azionarie
BERRUTI, Francesca Maria
2026-06-16
Abstract
This research examines the limits of statutory autonomy in the appointment of directors in the presence of special classes of shares. The analysis begins with the traditional framework opposing shareholders and creditors: while both contributed financial resources, only the former—by providing risk capital—were entitled, in proportion to their economic contribution, to influence corporate management through the appointment of governing bodies; creditors, by contrast, remained outside the governance sphere. From this structure derived two cornerstone principles of the classical corporate model: the exclusive competence of the shareholders’ meeting in appointing directors and the proportionality between voting rights and capital contribution. On this basis, case law long denied the legitimacy of statutory provisions conferring special prerogatives on certain classes of shares in the designation of directors. This restrictive orientation was progressively overcome following legislative reforms, which expanded the scope for modulating voting rights and confirmed the atypical nature of share classes, eventually legitimizing mechanisms that allow specific categories of shareholders—or holders of equity-like financial instruments—to directly appoint members of the corporate bodies. The study highlights how these innovations, motivated by the objective of strengthening the financial structure of companies and promoting representational mechanisms within the shareholder base, have led to a rethinking of traditional principles, while leaving unresolved the issue of the substantive limits within which such provisions may be deemed admissible. In the absence of an express statutory framework, it is left to legal interpretation to identify the criteria and boundaries of legitimacy, in order to balance economic freedom with regulatory oversight. The inquiry focuses in particular on closely held joint-stock companies, showing how the question of the limits of statutory autonomy in the appointment of directors raises a fundamental issue concerning the permissible degree of contractualization in corporate organization and, more generally, the relationship between private autonomy and mandatory rules in contemporary company law.| File | Dimensione del file | Formato | |
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