The essay assumes the theoretical perspective of a gender analysis oriented by the “principle of gender non-subordination”, as typically expressed by the Italian Constitution, and moves from the starting point of considering pregnancy as a complex relational experience between a pregnant mother and an unborn baby, deeply marked by bodily sharing and necessarily unsymmetrical. The gender asymmetry has marked in the past and still marks the whole experience of procreation, as well as its legal shaping; therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether and how far complementarity in the sex-gender system has to be considered, when addressing the issue of the experience of a “pregnancy for others” (a “birth mother” gives birth to a baby for a couple of intending parents, either of the same or of different sex). This can be better done drawing a clear distinction between the procreative project (from insemination to birth, via childbearing) and the parental project (from the birth onwards); the core of a procreative project is the (woman’s only) relational experience of pregnancy, while a parental project implies parental care and responsibilities towards the newborn, which both women and men are able to guarantee. The constitutional principle of gender non-subordination may provide guidance to protect the dignity and the freedom of choice of a “birth mother”, without denying her self-determination; but the criterions by which the law usually considers inter-subjective relationships (assuming subjects, which are entirely separate) do not fit the situation of surrogate motherhood, which requires new legal categories to be shaped. It is necessary to recognize the woman’s competence to build different ties (before, during and after the relational experience of pregnancy) and to assume different responsibilities over the reproductive and the parental projects by the means of a legal regulation of surrogacy: a new legal framework able to protect and safeguard the special and unique role of the birth’s mother, gathering the new principle of “birth mother’s acknowledgement”. The new principle also allows to revise critically some recent judgments, which deal with children born by surrogate motherhood abroad and their intended parents, affirming the need to safeguard the recognition of the special and unique role of birth’s mother together with the bests interests of the children.
Il saggio propone un inquadramento delle esperienze di “gravidanza per altri” nell’ambito dell’analisi di genere orientata dal principio anti-subordinazione di genere ricavabile dalla trama delle disposizioni della Costituzione italiana. La cornice giuridica del desiderio di maternità e paternità è, innanzitutto, ricostruita cogliendo le irriducibili asimmetrie di genere che si manifestano nella riproduzione, individuando la distinzione tra desiderio e progetto riproduttivo, così come tra progetto riproduttivo e progetto genitoriale, e riflettendo sulle diverse condizioni di complementarietà fra i sessi nei due progetti. La gravidanza è riconosciuta come esperienza relazionale complessa, profondamente segnata dalla condivisione corporea ed inevitabilmente asimmetrica, che sfugge ai parametri ed alle categorie con cui il diritto considera abitualmente le relazioni inter-soggettive (presupponendo soggetti interamente separati). Dal valore specifico della relazione di gravidanza, radicato nell’ordinamento costituzionale ed orientato dall’analisi di genere, discende la possibilità di riconoscere anche la gravidanza per altri come un’esperienza vitale che si colloca in un complesso sistema di relazioni; il principio costituzionale anti-subordinazione di genere consente di aprire al riconoscimento della capacità femminile di intrecciare relazioni significative: con il nascituro/la nascitura “nella” gravidanza, innanzitutto, ma anche con altri soggetti (genitori intenzionali) ai fini del progetto di genitorialità. Ammessa la possibilità di una scissione tra progetto di riproduzione e di genitorialità della madre, la tutela della dignità e della piena libertà di scelta della madre biologica (colei che partorisce) è affidata alla necessità imprescindibile di riconoscimento della genealogia materna: l’affermazione di un “principio del nome della madre” viene proposto sia in prospettiva de iure condendo, sia come chiave di una rilettura critica della giurisprudenza che, nonostante un assoluto divieto nel diritto interno, non può evitare di misurarsi con le conseguenze di esperienze di GPA fatte all’estero.
(2017). Nascere da un corpo di donna: un inquadramento costituzionalmente orientato dall’analisi di genere della gravidanza per altri [journal article - articolo]. In COSTITUZIONALISMO.IT. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10446/118948
Nascere da un corpo di donna: un inquadramento costituzionalmente orientato dall’analisi di genere della gravidanza per altri
Pezzini, Barbara
2017-01-01
Abstract
The essay assumes the theoretical perspective of a gender analysis oriented by the “principle of gender non-subordination”, as typically expressed by the Italian Constitution, and moves from the starting point of considering pregnancy as a complex relational experience between a pregnant mother and an unborn baby, deeply marked by bodily sharing and necessarily unsymmetrical. The gender asymmetry has marked in the past and still marks the whole experience of procreation, as well as its legal shaping; therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether and how far complementarity in the sex-gender system has to be considered, when addressing the issue of the experience of a “pregnancy for others” (a “birth mother” gives birth to a baby for a couple of intending parents, either of the same or of different sex). This can be better done drawing a clear distinction between the procreative project (from insemination to birth, via childbearing) and the parental project (from the birth onwards); the core of a procreative project is the (woman’s only) relational experience of pregnancy, while a parental project implies parental care and responsibilities towards the newborn, which both women and men are able to guarantee. The constitutional principle of gender non-subordination may provide guidance to protect the dignity and the freedom of choice of a “birth mother”, without denying her self-determination; but the criterions by which the law usually considers inter-subjective relationships (assuming subjects, which are entirely separate) do not fit the situation of surrogate motherhood, which requires new legal categories to be shaped. It is necessary to recognize the woman’s competence to build different ties (before, during and after the relational experience of pregnancy) and to assume different responsibilities over the reproductive and the parental projects by the means of a legal regulation of surrogacy: a new legal framework able to protect and safeguard the special and unique role of the birth’s mother, gathering the new principle of “birth mother’s acknowledgement”. The new principle also allows to revise critically some recent judgments, which deal with children born by surrogate motherhood abroad and their intended parents, affirming the need to safeguard the recognition of the special and unique role of birth’s mother together with the bests interests of the children.File | Dimensione del file | Formato | |
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