Gender inequalities from an income perspective

The difference between females’ and males’ income is one of the main topics in the analysis of gender gap, as it is known that, even with a higher educational level, females earn less than males do. To inspect this, we analyse and estimate the distribution of the ratio of females’ income over males’ income using the methodology based on the distribution of the ratio of two Dagum with three parameters. We applied this method to the Bank of Italy Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) data to evaluate the deciles, the density functions, and the cumulative distribution functions of the ratio of the females’ income over males’ income in different age classes, Italian areas, and years.