Self-sustained phantom wormholes in semi-classical gravity

A possible candidate for the late time accelerated expanding universe is phantom energy, which possesses rather bizarre properties, such as the prediction of a BigRip singularity and the violation of the null energy condition. The latter is a fundamental ingredient of traversable wormholes, and it has been shown that phantom energy may indeed sustain these exotic geometries. Inspired by the evolving dark energy parameter crossing the phantom divide, we consider in this work a varying equation of state parameter dependent on the radial coordinate, i.e., ω(r) = p(r)/ρ(r). We shall impose that phantom energy is concentrated in the neighbourhood of the throat, to ensure the flaring out condition, and several models are analysed. We shall also consider the possibility that these phantom wormholes be sustained by their own quantum fluctuations. The energy density of the graviton one-loop contribution to a classical energy in a phantom wormhole background and the finite one-loop energy density are considered as a self-consistent source for these wormhole geometries. The latter semi-classical approach prohibits solutions with a constant equation of state parameter, which further motivates the imposition of a radial dependent parameter, ω(r), and only permits solutions with a steep positive slope proportional to the radial derivative of the equation of state parameter, evaluated at the throat. The size of the wormhole throat as a function of the relevant parameters is also explored.