Short form of revised two-factor study process questionnaire: Development, validation, and cross-validation in two European countries

The utility of students’ approaches to learning (AL) has evolved from a simple act of academic monitoring to a systemic process of continuous improvement of teaching and learning in higher education. Research on the careful development of measures for AL is consequently crucial. The purpose of this research is to develop and validate a brief measure of AL that is theoretically sound with good psychometric properties. To achieve this purpose, we combined three rounds of studies in two European countries consisting of 253, 196, and 440 undergraduate students. Multiple tests of validity and reliability unveil a new measure of AL with two correlated dimensions of deep (four items) and surface (four items) approaches. The psychometric analyses of the new 8-item measure of AL provide promising results, both in validity and reliability demonstrating its possible use in academic contexts.