Leonardo’s importance in and for the history of science is outlined. It should be understood that, as much as Galileo still had to clash with Aristotelianism, as understood by Pierre Duhem, the process of liberation from Aristotelianism has a long preceding history: its earliest roots are in the Franciscan revolution, which, by carrying out a critique of the limits of human experience and reason, questioned Aristotle's physics and cosmology and reevaluated matter and motion, led to the creation of kinematics in a geometric form and the new dynamics of impetus. Humanism and the Renaissance, in the wake of Franciscanism, effected a re-evaluation of the vita activa as opposed to the ideal of the contemplative life dominant in antiquity: thus there was a re-evaluation of art and technique in their gnoseological valence, for the knowledge of reality and Nature: to understand phenomena, it was no longer enough to contemplate them but they had to be produced. Leonardo's machines do not have an instrumental purely technical purpose of benefit to humanity, but rather have as their purpose the understanding of Nature in its processual imitation. This defunctionalization of technique from its instrumental purposes constitutes the experimental method and involves changing the philosophy of Nature into an experimental philosophy, into an art that forms the basis of theory. However, the Nature investigated by Leonardo is not reduced to its mechanical simulation, but is received in all its complexity, in which individual phenomena are not subsumed in a universal law: Leonardo’s physics is not a nomothetic science and cannot do without painting as a vision of reality in its specific singularity. Leonardo’s physics is thus also relevant in pointing to what is now the new face of contemporary science, which is increasingly confronted with complexity.
Si delinea l’importanza di Leonardo nella storia della scienza e per la storia della scienza. Si deve comprendere che, per quanto Galileo dovesse ancora scontrarsi con l’aristotelismo, come compreso da Pierre Duhem, il processo di liberazione dall’aristotelismo ha una lunga storia precedente: le sue prime radici sono nella rivoluzione francescana, che, effettuando una critica dei limiti dell’esperienza e della ragione umane, mise in discussione la fisica e la cosmologia di Aristotele e rivalutò la materia e il moto, portò alla creazione della cinematica in una forma geometrica e della nuova dinamica dell’impetus. L’umanesimo e il Rinascimento, sulla scia del francescanesimo, effettuarono una rivalutazione della vita activa rispetto all’ideale della vita contemplativa dominante nell’antichità: si ebbe così una rivalutazione dell’arte e della tecnica nella loro valenza gnoseologica, per la conoscenza della realtà e della Natura: per comprendere i fenomeni non bastava più contemplarli ma bisognava produrli. Le macchine di Leonardo non hanno una strumentale finalità puramente tecnica di vantaggio per l’umanità, ma piuttosto hanno come finalità la comprensione della Natura nella sua imitazione processuale. Questa de-funzionalizzazione della tecnica dalle sue finalità strumentali costituisce il metodo sperimentale e comporta il cambiamento della filo-sofia della Natura in una filosofia sperimentale, in un’arte che costituisce la base della teoria. La Natura indagata da Leonardo non è però ridotta alla sua simulazione meccanica, ma è accolta in tutta la sua complessità, in cui i fenomeni singoli non sono sussunti in una legge universale: la fisica di Leonardo non è una scienza nomotetica e non può fare a meno della pittura come visione della realtà nella sua specifica singolarità. La fisica di Leonardo è così rilevante anche per indicare quello che oggi è il nuovo volto della scienza contemporanea, che si confronta sempre più con la complessità.
(2023). Leonardo, il Rinascimento e la scienza moderna [journal article - articolo]. In ATTI E MEMORIE. MEMORIE SCIENTIFICHE, GIURIDICHE, LETTERARIE. ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DI SCIENZE LETTERE E ARTI DI MODENA. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10446/262352
Leonardo, il Rinascimento e la scienza moderna
Giannetto, Enrico
2023-01-01
Abstract
Leonardo’s importance in and for the history of science is outlined. It should be understood that, as much as Galileo still had to clash with Aristotelianism, as understood by Pierre Duhem, the process of liberation from Aristotelianism has a long preceding history: its earliest roots are in the Franciscan revolution, which, by carrying out a critique of the limits of human experience and reason, questioned Aristotle's physics and cosmology and reevaluated matter and motion, led to the creation of kinematics in a geometric form and the new dynamics of impetus. Humanism and the Renaissance, in the wake of Franciscanism, effected a re-evaluation of the vita activa as opposed to the ideal of the contemplative life dominant in antiquity: thus there was a re-evaluation of art and technique in their gnoseological valence, for the knowledge of reality and Nature: to understand phenomena, it was no longer enough to contemplate them but they had to be produced. Leonardo's machines do not have an instrumental purely technical purpose of benefit to humanity, but rather have as their purpose the understanding of Nature in its processual imitation. This defunctionalization of technique from its instrumental purposes constitutes the experimental method and involves changing the philosophy of Nature into an experimental philosophy, into an art that forms the basis of theory. However, the Nature investigated by Leonardo is not reduced to its mechanical simulation, but is received in all its complexity, in which individual phenomena are not subsumed in a universal law: Leonardo’s physics is not a nomothetic science and cannot do without painting as a vision of reality in its specific singularity. Leonardo’s physics is thus also relevant in pointing to what is now the new face of contemporary science, which is increasingly confronted with complexity.File | Dimensione del file | Formato | |
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