Physical Modeling of Liquefaction in Various Granular Materials

This paper compiles numerous experiences gained from physical models, to highlight the phenomena of triggering, propagation, and mitigation of liquefaction in granular soils. Results of tests at different scales, from the element volume (cyclic triaxial tests) to small-scale models in centrifuge, performed using several granular soils, will be presented to provide behavioral tools for predicting the phenomenon. Furthermore, the efficacy of vertical and horizontal drains as liquefaction mitigation techniques will be discussed.