The Roofing System of the Tholos of Athena Pronaia in Delphi: Archaeological Hypotheses and Structural Suggestions

This study aims to provide an integrated understanding of archaeological findings by evaluating reconstruction hypotheses from a technological and structural perspective, focusing on the Tholos of Athena Pronaia in Delphi, a prime example of 4th and 3rd-century BC Greek architecture. Archaeological research primarily focuses on proportional rules and decorative aspects. The original roof configuration remains uncertain despite its architectural significance and characteristic interlocking marble tiles. The investigation of structural problems is crucial for selecting the most feasible reconstructions and formulating hypotheses on materials, dimensions of structural elements, and how connections between elements were constructed. Due to the many reconstruction uncertainties, a reverse design approach was employed, utilizing schematic technological sections based on the known structural and technical knowledge of the time to ensure consistency between archaeological images and potential underlying structural diagrams. Variables were considered for uncertain dimensions, and the structure’s safety was analysed in terms of material strength and stability. This highlighted not only unsafe solutions but also potential novelties in structural conceptions. This contribution serves as a starting point for research, placing structural mechanics at the service of archaeology with a focus on the tholos roof system.